Sites of Anaerobic Glycolysis / EM pathway

• Exercising muscle
• RBC
• Brain
• GIT
• Renal medulla
• Retina
• Skin

Gluconeogenesis at a glance

 Substrate :http://medicalscienceeasy.blogspot.com/2017/12/substrstes-of-gluconeogenesis-at-glance.html

Site: liver 90% , Kidney 10%
Compartment: Mainly cytoplasm ,party in mitochondria
Nature : Anabolic
Rate limiting enzyme : http://medicalscienceeasy.blogspot.com/2017/12/rate-limiting-enzymes-of-gluconeogenesis.html
 ATP needed: 6 ( to produce 1 glucose from substrate)
Source of ATP : Beta Oxydation of fatty acid
 Importance:

• Maintain normal glucose concentration in fasting & starvation
• Disposal of lactic acid & glycerol in normal state

Regulation :http://medicalscienceeasy.blogspot.com/2017/12/factors-regulate-gluconeogenesis.html

Factors regulate Gluconeogenesis

Factors increase / stimulate Gluconeogenesis :

• ATP
• Acetyl CoA
• Cortisol
• Epinephrine
• NADH
• Glucagone

Factors decrease / inhabit Gluconeogenesis :

• AMP
• Fructose -2,6- Bis Phosphate
• Insulin

Rate limiting enzymes of Gluconeogenesis

•  Pyruvate carboxylase

• Pyruvate to Oxaloacetate

• Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase

• Oxaloacetate to Phosphoenol pyruvate

• Fructose -1,6- bis phosphatase

• Fructose -1,6- bis phosphate to  Glucose-6- phosphate

• Glucose Bis phosphatase
• Glucose-6- phosphate to Glucose

Substrstes of gluconeogenesis at a glance

• Glucogenic amino acid
• Lactate
• Glycerol
• Pyruvate
• Propionate
• Alfa keto acid
• Ketone body
• Intermediates of TCA cycle
• Intermediates of Glycolisis

Metabolic Pathway take place both in Mitochondria & cytoplasm

• Urea Cycle
• Gluconeogenesis
• Heme Synthesis

Metabolic Pathway take place only in Mitochondria

1. TCA cycle
2. B-Oxidation  of Fatty Acid
3. Respiratory Chain
4. Ketogenesis
5. Oxidative Deamination
6. Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
7. Carboxylation of pyruvate to OAA ( Oxalo Acetic Acid)

Bacteria which are not seen by Gram Staining

• Bacteria which have thin flexible cell wall
• Treponema pallidum
• Borelia sp.
• leptospira sp.

• Bacteria which have no cell wall 
• Mycoplasma sp.

• Bacteria which are obligate intracellular
• Chlamydia
• Ricketsia

• Bacteria which are Acid fast
• Mycobacterium
• Nocardia

Absolute Methods Of Sterilization at a glance

     Absolute Methods Of Sterilization :

• Dry heat : Hot air oven

• Moist Heat : Autoclave

• Filtration : Membrane Filtration

• Radiation : Ionizing

• Chemical : 
• formaldehyde
• Gluteraldehyde
• Ethylene oxide
• Hydrogen peroxide
• Halogens