Paraneoplastic syndromes are
- · Symptom complexes of cancer bearing patients
- · That cannot readily be explained
- · Either by local or distant spread of the tumor
- · Or by the elaboration of hormones indigenous to the tissue from which the tumor arose.[Robbins, 8th]
Examples
Clinical Syndrome
|
Major forms of underlying
cancer
|
Causative agents
|
|
Endocrinopathies
|
|||
1.Syndrome
of inappropriate antdiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH-The
hyponatremia and hypo osmolality resulting from inappropriate, continued
secretion or action of the hormone despite normal or increased plasma volume,
which result in impaired water excretion)
|
·
Small cell carcinoma of lung
·
Intracranial neoplasm
|
ADH or atrial natriuretic peptide hormone
|
|
2. Cushing
syndrome/Hypercortisolism (Collection of symptom caused by very
high levels of a hormone called cortisol in the body.
|
·
Small cell carcinoma of lung
·
Pancreatic carcinoma
·
Neural tumor
·
Thymoma
|
Ectopic ACTH or ACTH like substance
|
|
3.Hypercalcemia(plasma
Ca++ level >2.5 mmol/l)
|
·
Small cell carcinoma of lung
·
Breast Ca
·
Renal Ca
·
Ovarian Ca
·
Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma
|
Parathyroid hormone related protein, TNF,TGF-α
|
|
4.Hypoglycemia
(plasma glucose level < 70 mg/dl )
|
·
Fibrosarcoma
·
Hepatocellular Ca
·
Other mesenchymal sarcomas
|
Insulin or Insulin like Substance
|
|
5.Carcinoid
Syndrome (Collection of syndromes occurs in Carcinoid tumor which
is a neuroendocrine tumor)
|
·
Pancreatic carcinoma
·
Gastric Ca
·
Bronchial Adenoma
|
Serotonin ,Bradykinin
|
|
6.Polycythemia
(Increase Red cell production )
|
·
Renal Ca
·
cerebral haemangioma
·
Hepatocellular Ca
|
Erythropoietin
|
|
7.Hyperaldosteronism
|
·
Adrenal adenoma
·
Ovarian CA
·
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
|
Aldosteron
|
|
Gastro Intestinal Tract
|
|||
Watery Diarrhea
|
·
Proctosigmoid tumors
·
Medullary Thyroid carcinoma
|
PG E2 & f2 like
Substance
|
|
Dermatologic Disorder
|
|||
1.Acanthosis
nigricans (Clinical conditions of the skin characterized by area of dark
, velvety discoloration in body folds and creases )
|
·
Gastric Ca
·
Lung Ca
·
Uterine Ca
|
Immunologic
|
|
2.Dermatomyositis
(Inflammatory diseases marked by muscle weakness and definitive skin rash )
|
·
Breast Ca
·
Bonchogenic ca
·
Gastric Ca
·
Ovarian tumor
·
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
·
Pancreatic carcinoma
·
Colorectal Ca
|
Immunologic
|
|
Nervous & Muscle Syndrome
|
|||
1.Mysthenia
( Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by fatigue and exhaustion
of muscles )
|
·
Bonchogenic ca
|
Immunologic
|
|
2.Polymyositis
(Autoimmune inflammatory diseases of muscle that begins when W.B.C spontaneously invade muscle specially
closest to the trunk or torso )
|
·
Lung Ca
·
Bladder Ca
·
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
|
Immunologic
|
|
3.Limbic
encephalitis (Inflammation of Brain tissue limited to limbic system )
|
·
Small cell carcinoma of lung
|
Immunologic
|
|
4.Encephalitis
( Inflammation of Brain tissue )
|
·
Ovarian tumor
|
Antibody against N-Methyl-D-Asparter receptor
|
|
Rheumatologic Syndrome & soft
tissue changes
|
|||
1.Hypertrophic
osteoarthropathy
|
·
Bonchogenic ca
·
Pleural mesothelioma
·
Phrenic neurilemmoma
|
Unknown
|
|
2.SLE ( Chronic inflammatory
condition caused by autoimmune diseases in which body’s tissues are attacked
by its own immune system )
|
·
Lung Ca
·
Breast Ca
·
Gonad Ca
·
Lymphoma
|
Immunologic
|
|
Vascular & hematological
changes
|
|||
1.Venous
Thrombosis /Trousseau’s phenomenon ( a medical sign involving episodes of
vessel inflammation due to clot which are recurrent or appearing in different
locations.)
|
·
Pancreatic carcinoma
·
Bonchogenic ca
|
Mucins like tumor product
|
|
2.Non
bacterial Thrombotic endocarditis
|
·
Advanced cancer
|
Hypercoagualabity
|
|
Renal System
|
|||
1.Nephrotic
Syndrome (protineuria, edema, hyperlipidemia, hypoalbuminemia)
|
·
Breast Ca
·
Bonchogenic ca
·
Gastric Ca
·
Ovarian tumor
·
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
·
Pancreatic carcinoma
·
Renal Ca
·
Hodgkin Lymphoma
·
Melanomas
|
Tumor antigens/Immunocomplex
|
|
Concise from Wikipedia,
Medscape, MedicineNet for easy to memories.
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